Frank Sinatra Research paper

Chairman of the Board Frank Sinatra was known by many names such as The Sultan of Swoon, The Voice, and 01†² Blue Eyes. Choose whichever you like. There were very few entertainers who stood the test of time and are still as popular in their hay day as they are in the current generation. Presley, Sinatra, and Bingo Crosby are the select few who are still as popular, if not more so, than they were in their respective times. Time Magazine even considered him the most influential vocalist of the 20th century.The simple upbringing, rise to fame, mafia connections, and his control of the music industry from the ass's to the aryl ass's was staggering considering how his life started and a deeper look into his background, music, and connections will just give you a small glimpse into the life Of the Chairman Of the Board. Francis Albert Sinatra was born on December 12, 1 915 in Hoboken, New Jersey. His parents Anthony Sinatra and Natalie Aggravate were immigrants from Italy and moved to a very poor section of Hoboken, where most of the Italian immigrants of this time, which was all they could afford.His father was a hard-working individual who held multiple jobs despite the obvious engage barrier and did his best to instill these values into his only child. He preached schooling and making something out of his life and doing better than either he or his mother could ever give him. Frank never did well in school and failed to graduate from high school. He did however manage to nab a job with the local newspaper. However, the job failed to keep his interest and dreams of stardom at bay. He â€Å"quit his newspaper job to pursue a career as a singer after attending a Bingo Crosby concert (Carving). This choice would be his stepping stone to super stardom. The â€Å"Hoboken Four Carving)† gave him his first taste of the public after winning a contest on the radio and went on tour with the band. He eventually came back home and for the next few years worked mul tiple different jobs just to make ends meet. At a local bar in town he sang with a group on stage and was unknowingly recorded in what would become his â€Å"very first known studio recording of the thousand and more that were to make that skinny young man the most celebrated popular singer in history (Summers and Swan). Getting back into the music scene, he was picked up by â€Å"Harry James (Carving)† and promptly talent away by The Sentimental Gentleman of Swing â€Å"Tommy Dorset (Carving'. This opportunity was the start of the influential and dynamic career of Frank Sinatra. An event filled 2 year career with Tommy Dorset which raised his notoriety among some socialites in the music industry led to him to start his own solo career. The years of 1942 to 1947 would be his busiest time ever in the music industry.He was the lead singer on a radio broadcast that aired nightly, he signed a record deal with Columbia Records, and was releasing â€Å"a new single almost every month (Carving). He was truly the music industry of the 1 ass's. His song â€Å"I'll never smile again† lets you know exactly why he was so popular during the ass's, he spoke of despair and love being lost and having no hope. America was fully in the throes of WI, and most people could relate to the disparity of the time. He capitalized on what he was feeling and profited from was going on in the world at the time.He starred in multiple films during the ass's most of which included mixed reviews and weren't the successes he had hoped them to be. By the late 1 ass's and early 1 ass's his once illustrious sic career seemed as though it was over. He suffered a â€Å"vocal cord hemorrhage (Carving' that could have ended his career. He recovered from the injury only to suffer not more physical injuries, but emotional ones. He began an affair with Eva Gardner which led to his divorce from Nancy, his 1st wife and mother of their 3 children.Sinatra and Gardner married soon thereafte r but only to have it end in divorce less than 6 years after it had begun. His personal life was crumbling at his feet and his professional life was non-existent with his movie contract being voided, the contract with Columbia isn't renewed and his radio show was cancelled. He also had ties to the Mafia here in the u S. , but more notably in Chicago. â€Å"He willingly fronted for the mob (Burdock) on many occasions up to and including sharing property with notable members of the Mafia and introducing â€Å"divorcee Judith Campbell Keener both to him and to John F. Kennedy.Since she was romantically involved with the President and the mobster at the same time, the Mafia enjoyed unprecedented access to the White House. In fact, Judith later claimed to have carried messages between the two, helping the Mafia and CIA elaborate on a plan to assassinate Fidel Castro (Burdock). But through the dark times carne the light. His 2nd marriage, considered a colossal failure on a personal leve l, did however reeve his career during the mid-1 ass's. His role in the movie From Here to Eternity, which VA helped him land, won him an Oscar for best supporting actor and helped reignite his career.He starred in multiple more films during the mid-sass's and resurrected his singing career later during the decade. These events led to the evolution of the Rat Pack. Sinatra, Davis Jar. , Martin and McClain were the main members of the Rat Pack. They were known for not only their iconic roles in films during this time frame, but for their comedy acts in Vegas. â€Å"The high point of the Rat Pack era came in 1960, when all five had roles in the classic Ocean's Eleven. Frank, of course, was the star. It's a terrible movie–slow, silly, its premise unbelievable.Yet it is, perhaps, the ultimate buddy movie of all time, just as the Rat pack remains the ultimate buddy group in people's hearts (Burdock). Joey Bishop and Peter Lapboard were less known than the rest but no less importa nt to the group as a whole. The Pack were all similar in that most quit school at a very nouns age, had issues with the law, and became involved in either the music or the entertaining business at a young age. The Rat Pack got their name from Lauren Facial, Humphrey Boast's wife.She â€Å"saw the group ringside at a Alas Vegas showroom, she disgustedly informed them that they looked â€Å"like a goddamned rat pack. † The name would endure Boast's death and was adopted by Frank and his cronies (Burdock). After a matter of 6 years, The Rat pack was no more. Times had changed and the Rock and Roll generation had taken over. Sinatra continued to spurn out records during this time and transcended 3 separate decades. Frank truly embodied the American spirit in which with enough talent, drive, and ambition, you can become anything you want to be in this world.Sinatra over his career not only won numerous acting awards but singing awards as well. He won an Academy Award, an Oscar, 3 Golden Globes, 6 Grammas and multiple other awards, all of which spanned a 50 year career in the industry. From a simple upbringing he continued to reach for his dreams and saw this a reality when he was just 25 stating to â€Å"a new acquaintance how he saw his future. â€Å"I'm going to be the best singer in the world,† he said, â€Å"the best singer hat ever was (Summers and Swans'.

Book Review Essay Essay

The three books I read in the holidays personally affected me in more than one way, not only inspiring me to achieve my goals, grow in character, overcome difficulties and become more spiritual. The Monk Who Sold His Ferrari by Robin Sharma is a book which truly inspired me to stretch my imagination, dream further and to achieve my full potential. In his books he says, â€Å"The path to success is the hardest at the beginning, messiest in the middle and best at the end. † This one sentence is so true and ultimately defines reality. This has shown me how important is to strive towards your goals and that although we all encounter challenging situations in life, if we face them head on and grab the bull by the horns we end up reaping the rewards. Personally this has motivated me to work my hardest in my matric year and to work towards improving my marks, studying harder and doing the best I possibly can. One of the most important aspects the book taught was how vital it is to create a balance in life, which means in order for me to succeed in matric I have to balance my sports, my work and my social life in order to create equilibrium. Not only to live a life of purpose, but to have a full appreciation of each moment daily. The Perks Of Being A Wallflower by Stephen Chbosky was a different book to the others I read as the book almost pulled you into the story and you felt as if you were the main character and you shared all the same experiences. Chbosky showed me how important it is to spend time with your family and fellow peers and to embrace every minute you get to spend with them as well as dealing with situations which are not always ideal. One of the sentences in the book that stood out for me which was, â€Å"Even if we don’t have the power to choose where we come from, we can still choose where we go from there and achieve the impossible. † This taught me even if I make decisions or choices which didn’t work out, there remains hope for the future and I must focus on the present and not look back on the past. The main character was Charlie who was similar to me at the beginning of high school, like him I struggled to make friends in the beginning but as the year progressed I ended up with a few, close true friends. In the book he asked his L. O teacher for some advice and why it’s so hard to find real friends, and he replied, â€Å"We accept the love we think we deserve. † And this showed me how true it is to reality. We socialize with people who accept us for who we are, that help us grow and help teach us valuable life lessons Personally this prepared me mentally for the year ahead that even if I don’t achieve the result I hope for, I will move on as the future is the world of un-seen opportunity and surprises. A Survival Guide For Life by Bear Grylls affected me by making me take a look at everyday life and situations and how to approach them differently, as well how important it is to work and get along with others. This book taught me how important preparation is as this is one of most important keys to success, especially as organisation and preparation are extremely vital in matric. Grylls also illustrated to me how I must learn to work together and how team-work can make your life a whole lot easier. I learnt how important is to persist no matter how long it takes to achieve my vision. He inspired me to be a stronger leader and to live life more on the edge and that my dreams are reachable and mustn’t let anybody tell me differently. Each of the books I read had a different message for me and gave me insight into various aspects of life from the most simple things from making my life easier, to never giving up and striving to attain my goals, but the most important lesson I took away from the books was there are endless opportunities in the world and to never stop dreaming.

Distance learning in relation to access Essay

Distance learning is educational instruction and information that is offered to learners who are usually physically away from the origin of those instructions or information. It provides opportunity to individuals who could not have the time and money to pursue the traditional classes because of the distance from the learning facilities and high costs of undertaking the course. This kind of learning has been made possible because of internet expansion which has been witnessed in recent years. The main tool used by learners in the distance learning programs is the internet. The internet provides them with learning information in different formats such as sound bits, music, voice and graphics which can be represented in a unique type of artwork like video and animation. Other tools which can supplement the internet include: emails, online video conferencing, news groups and mailing list (Duffy, p. 55). Advantages and disadvantages to individuals Advantages: Distances learning provide individuals with flexible schedules. For example, some colleges offer synchronous learning such that students taking a given class start and finish at a given time. Others offer asynchronous learning where each individual is given the opportunity to choose the time to enroll for classes and usually they are allowed to learn at a speed they feel is convenient to them. They give an individual an opportunity to advance his/her education without leaving his/her job. People can advance in their field of specialty through taking specialized career training courses. The courses do not affect the present employment which is one of the benefits that distance learners get to enjoy. Online learning is cheaper compared to traditional classroom learning. This is because the costs of moving to and from the college are eliminated and other fees that campus students have to pay like medical insurance are avoided (Minoli, p. 43). Disadvantages: There is social isolation. Unlike studying in traditional classes, distance learners often study alone. This brings a sense of isolation but thanks to recent technological advancements such as online chat rooms, teleconferencing and discussion forums which have helped alleviate this problem. There is no immediate feedback. Unlike traditional classrooms where the students’ performance is analyzed by asking questions and offering informal tests, distance learning students have to wait for a longer time for their instructor to review their work before providing a feedback via email or other means (Porter, p. 77). Does distance learning offer equal opportunity? According to Porter (p. 77), distance learning may not be suitable for each and every individual. This is because, for one to succeed in the program, he/she must have self discipline and be highly motivated. The course is mainly unmonitored meaning that learners are left with the full responsibility of ensuring that they continue with the course and analyze their mastering ability in various subjects and skills by themselves. The programs are available to anyone who is qualified but he/she has to be disciplined for him/her to complete the course successfully. There are no barriers which are being generated because of the use of technology to deliver college education. This is because; it encourages competition between academic institutions which promotes collaboration between businesses, academia and industries thus ensuring that learners are given quality education (Minoli, p. 43). How might distance learning serve to increase the gap between the haves and have nots? Because distance learning involves the use of advanced technology in teaching, individuals who have limited access to this kind of technology like those in third world countries may be locked out. Since education is the key to a bright future, these individuals may not have the opportunity to be educated and learn new ways to sustain them thus they will continue languishing in poverty. Works cited Duffy, P. James. College online: how to take college courses without leaving home, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1997: p. 55 Minoli, Daniel. Distance learning technology and applications, Boston: Artech House. , (1996): P. 43 Porter, R. Lynnette. Creating the virtual classroom: Distance learning with the Internet, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. , (1997): p. 77.

Legalization of Drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Legalization of Drugs - Essay Example f rise of various forms of violence that fundamentally arises as a result of disputes between the sellers and customers who have no choice but to rely on their own powers since neither of the two parties is backed by legal support. An analysis of the various forms of violence prevalent in the modern world suggests that in a vast majority of cases, drug oppression is the root cause of violence. Everyday, we read news about stuffed babies, dolls, vegetables, drug agents’ skin and capsules. Millions of dollars are spent on exploring and dealing with such cases resulting into an ever growing and flourishing drug industry. Every year, thousands of children are kidnapped by the drug dealers who murder them and stuff heroine in their bodies and take them to other countries. When such cases are caught, image of the drug exporting country is tarnished. Drug oppression not only indirectly encourages kidnapping and murder, but also tarnishes the international relations among countries. T his paper argues that legalization of drugs is fundamental to the elimination of violence from the society and provides evidence and reasoning for the same. basis of the sky high prices of drugs. It is the illegal and hidden process of drug smuggling that makes them so high priced. The drug addicts want to access them at any cost, even if they have to commit murder in their way to approaching the drugs. â€Å"The Presidents Commission on Organized Crime estimates a total of seventy drug market murders yearly in Miami alone. Based on that figure and FBI data, a reasonable nationwide estimate would be at least 750 murders a year. Recent estimates from New York and Washington are even higher.† (Ostrowski, 1993, p. 209 cited in Cussen and Block, 2000, p. 3). with disputes on the part of the smugglers and the drug purchasers. With no laws designed for the process and the parties involved, the concerned parties are forced to resort to their own power and resources to safeguard their personal

Synopsis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Synopsis - Assignment Example Stokes contends that, when Soviet President Leonid Brezhnev and his counterparts in other communist countries in the European east decided to crush down the movement and use force to do it, they signed and sealed a death warrant of the system they thought they were saving. Prague Spring lasted from January 1968 till August of the same year, when Warsaw Pact invaded Czechoslovakia and forcefully stopped reforms. Although short in duration Prague Spring echoed throughout eastern Europe and in the next two decades there will be other movements and attempts to change the system. Stokes talks about events in Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania in the late 1970’s, he gives a lot of space in the book to Poland’s Solidarity Movement in the 1980’s , all of which culminate in 1989. The events in Poland according to the author show resilience of reformists. There, the workers struck again and again as an effort to force the government to negotiate with them. Solidarity was the cu lmination of those attempts. Stokes writes that Lech Walesa, the leader of the movement skillfully led it as he tried to keep demands outside of ideological and political sphere. This strategy paid off as Warsaw was forced to recognize the movement and its demands. Stokes belief is that 1989 is as important in European history, as 1848, or 1917 or 1789 were. He is surprised that the whole world missed an opportunity to se 1989 revolutions in Eastern Europe coming. Stokes says that this pivotal year in history was unexpected by everyone, from Washington through Communist regimes, to even rebels themselves. Stokes, also, explores historical figures of the era and area. He talks about Romanian President Nicolae Ceausescu and his self-glorification, about changes occurring in Hungary when country officials decided to turn toward market-based economy. When talking about Polish President Gierek, Czech Vaclav Havel or

Long-term Purchasing Power Parity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Long-term Purchasing Power Parity - Essay Example The study compares the currency exchange factors between US Dollars ($) and Euro (â‚ ¬). The first part of the paper is a design of a framework for testing for the absolute PPP and relative PPP following monetary approach. The second part is a brief summary of the interest rate parity conditions and their underlying logics and implications. This displays the application of the exchange rate used in forward contracts differ from the current spot rate. The emphasis is on the reasons for difference between the forward rates and the future spot rate expected by investors.This study investigates the absolute and the relative PPP for international currencies including the US $ and the EURO in order to test the PPP hypothesis. The currencies support the PPP between the US and European Union with great emphasis considering that earlier studies refused to adopt the PPP hypothesis for the US and the EU countries (Mixon, 2005). Studies give evidence of the co-integration between the Euro and the US dollar rate as well as the prices of the two countries. The test for Long term PPP is conducted as an equilibrium connection using the multivariate co-integration method designed by Mixon.  This model allows various long-term links, short-term dynamics, and the adjustment certain regime shifts. If the short-term dynamics differ from the long-term links, the explicit measurement of the short-term dynamics is fundamental for a success in estimating the long-term relations of the time movement to the equilibrium.

Sociological Concepts on War in the Middle East Essay

Sociological Concepts on War in the Middle East - Essay Example Wars can be considered as a serious social problem as it has been responsible for many sociological issues. The wars that have been fought result in degeneration and loss of life and property. During war people become disheartened and they resort to all kinds of violations to correct the authorities in power. People become the preys of exploitation and anarchy in times of war. The social challenges that the wars raise are matchless with out any remedies. People are grabbed by the aftermath of the war by becoming widows, orphans etc. The social threat that the war raises is dissatisfaction and degeneration of the society and people. The status of people gets degenerated and they have to suffer a lot to get out of the social evil of wars. Due to the anarchy during the times of the war people get addicted to alcohol and many other drugs. The wars that are fought in the Middle East had great lessons to teach the modern world. But people are indifferent to the adverse impacts of war. They behave as if they are ignorant of the aftermaths of the war. The loss of life and property due to never ending war is quite beyond the imagination of human beings. The paper is dedicated to the analysis of global images of sociological concepts on war in the Middle East. Apart from war there are a number of other social problems that the word faces today. All these social problems are social issues that every country suffers in the present day. Though there are a number of corrective measures adopted by the authorities they are not adequate to meet the essential requirements. Any country that suffers from any of these social problems can not be considered secure as it lags much behind social progress that of the expected rate. These social problems stand as a hindrance to the growth and development of the country. If a nation wants to attain fast development in every field it should be free from all these negative factors. The social problems are actually the negative factors that pull the countries backward from development. The major social problems that many nations suffer are poverty, unemployment and under employment, beggary, prostitution, war etc. . (Jamail). The image shows how adversely common people are affected by the social problem war. They are a few social problems that deserve mention. There are a number of other social problems to be mentioned. But comparatively they are less severe than those mentioned above. Poverty is a social evil that grabs the society in the modern world. It is a global issue to be taken care of and to be removed. Whole world is now under the clutches of poverty. The rate at which poverty grows is highly alarming and authorities try to find remedy for the social evil of poverty. But no remedial measure is sufficient and foolproof as it lacks popular support. Unemployment and underemployment are other two social evils which put much burden on people. When people have no jobs they would resort to meanest things to find a living. It affects the status of the country and its people. Begging is another social issue that almost all the developing countries face. Poverty and unemployment are the two reasons responsible for begging. The authorities can reduce the number of people who have resorted to begging by providing more and more job opportunities. The main reason behind the global social problem of prostitution is the lack of employment and less salary of the employed persons. People who resort to

The Relationship between Generation Y Work Value with Job Satisfaction Research Paper

The Relationship between Generation Y Work Value with Job Satisfaction and Work Stress at Hong Kong - Research Paper Example The main purpose of conducting this research project is to study the relationship between generation y‘s work value with job satisfaction and work stress at Hong Kong. There are some work values in this report have covered to study with and examine those work value will influence job satisfaction level and work stress level of generation Y or not. Some variables moderators like age, marital status and number of kids might moderate the relationship between the factors. The proposed mechanism based on previous empirical researchers and six hypotheses had been set up. Those hypotheses will be tested by Pearson Correlation in a convenient sample of generation Y who is taking a full-time job in Hong Kong at the moment. (N = 72, Male = 50, Female = 22). The result showed that good salary, job interest, prestige and variety diversion of work had the strongest relationship with the work value of generation Y. The job satisfaction can rise significantly and work stress can reduce when t he work value match with generation Y’s expectation. Furthermore, the study finds out there is the negative relationship between work stress and job performance. Heavier work stress will bring a negative effect to generation Y and bring down their job performance. From the test conducted, found that age is a greatest moderating effect on the relationship job satisfaction level and work stress level of generation Y. Also, marital status and number of kids give different moderating effect to generation Y on the job value, job satisfaction, and work stress. For further study of a similar topic on generation Y in Hong Kong, it is suggested that personality, work overtime, a part-time study can be the focus on and the result or findings should be taken into account of. Generation Y is a dynamic workforce that holds specific expectations with regards to work factors, to understand generation Y’swork value is important to the employer when they make recruitment to the new com er to their company. Around 14% of total workforce in Hong Kong are generation Y and increasing rapidly. To determine what are the main value or factors to encourage them to work hard, which reason, why they need to work, is important for management level to setup up policy in their company.

Advergaming and mobile advertising Research Paper

Advergaming and mobile advertising - Research Paper Example There has been need to have a different cereal than the usual wheat one and hence the introduction of the new chocolate cereals is needed, and the introduction is done through a medium that is liked by children: videogames. The traditional advertising includes the use of television, posters and billboards and children of nowadays do not bother checking out such mediums. All they are interested in is the video games and especially those that are online. Advertising the product online in a videogame is the best way to attract the market for the chocolate cereals whose target is mostly children. The company used Multi-Link Trunking (MLT) technology to help it access several links and servers in order to ensure that as many people as possible get the advertisement through the video game. Permission is not an issue but facilitation to the right channels is necessary when using the internet. Many people got to enjoy this product more since it was introduced to them through a medium they love. Sales of the Choco Krispis should therefore have gone very high due to the fact that the cereal box was fashioned to be used as the joystick in this advergaming. Taco Bell has launched yet another food product beefy nacho burrito and is still using the mobile phone to advertise it. The advert is running through smart iPhones and hence many people with the iPhone have access to the advert through the applications. These adverts have made many people aware of the product and are buying it to try it out (Hasen, 2012). There is need to have advertisements that will reach majority of the target group without the company struggling with the logistics of production of posters of billboards to attract attention of the presence of a new product. Taco Bell has therefore addressed the need for an easy to see advert that reaches majority of the target group with minimal effort. Many people are

Professional report about an issue pertaining to business ethics or Essay - 1

Professional report about an issue pertaining to business ethics or CSR - Essay Example As an ethical advisor of the company, it will be advised on what actions it can take to address this issue. Finally, the limitations of this course of action will be highlighted. A major online concern for social networking sites is privacy of its users over the Internet and their right to it. There are many areas of concern under this issue; the amount of information that users are required to submit about themselves that identifies them, how this information is displayed, how this information is used by social networks; whether it is simply stored or shared with other companies that require customer information, and finally whether users are made aware and given control of how their information is displayed and used. The important ethical question that comes to mind regarding Internet privacy is whether social network users have a right to privacy. Social networkers and other internet users are becoming more aware of how social networks such as Facebook, Twitter and Myspace read through information provided by users. What is unethical is that users, most of time, think of this information as personal and may not be aware of how this information is being read by second and third parties. Right to privacy also involves the level of control social network users have over the display of their images and information online (Santa Clara University, 2008). In order to justify the issue of user’s right to internet privacy as an ethical one, the Rights ethical theory is an important indicator. Before a link is created to how the rights ethical theory is related to user’s right to internet privacy, the theory itself will be explained briefly – under the rights ethical theory, the rights expressed by a society are given protection and the higher priority than all other things. These rights are then deemed to be morally acceptable and

Primary Prevention of Childhood Obesity Lab Report - 1

Primary Prevention of Childhood Obesity - Lab Report Example g is a factor for a child’s potential body weight in the near future, the article that I have chosen supports its claims through testing of certain samples of mothers who breastfeed and those who do not and the effects of such on their children’s eating patterns at the time they become one-year olds. Conducted by several medical practitioners, the article is entitled straightforwardly the â€Å"Association of Breastfeeding with Maternal Control of Infant Feeding at Age 1 Year.† The objective of course was not just to prove that there is an existing relation between breastfeeding and obesity but to examine whether due to breastfeeding in the first six months of a baby’s life, the mother become less restrictive and less controlling of their children’s food intake, and they become more attuned with the children’s needs, if the child is hungry or not. Since there is no restriction or controls around, this gives the children the opportunity to regulate their own needs of energy intake and less chance of becoming obese (Taveras, et al, 2004). Specifically, the article proves this theory by studying the association between the occurrences of breastfeeding in the babies’ first six months, the extent of such breastfeeding and the mothers’ actions with regard to these children’s access to food after one year. To discuss the details, the researchers provided modified Child Feeding Questionnaires at 1 year postpartum for the sample mothers to measure whether the mothers at this time are restricting their children’s food intake or pressuring their children to consume more food. By restricting, it means that the mothers are actually conscious of the amount of food they are feeding to their children, making sure that it is not too much. The logic of this testing is to see whether the children’s eating patterns were being controlled by the time they reach one year of age, and this is correlated with the occurrence or non-occurrence of breastfeeding in the

The Role of Women in Modern Society Essay Example for Free

The Role of Women in Modern Society Essay Margaret Atwoods controversial dystopian novel, The Handmaids Tale, leaves the reader with the lingering question of what if?. Set in the near future, what is known to be the United States, is overtaken by puritan conservative Christians, creating the Republic of Gilead. Assasinating the President and congress, this religious extremist movement suspended the constitution and took complete control over the government. Women in Gilead lost their rights, and served only one purpose; for reproduction. A large population of the women were infertile due to previous constant exposure to pesticides, nuclear waste, and leakages from chemical weapons. They were either labelled Unwoman and sent to Colonies to clean up toxic wastes, or be house servants; Marthas. The small number which made up the fertile population were taken to camps where training to become handmaidens for the upper-class people took place. The women of Gilead were denied all basic human rights, and although the main focus of this novel is of what may occur in our future, The Handmaids Tale is an extension of the patriarchal societies of our past, and of those which are of existence today. Read more:  Women in Modern Times In the Republic of Gilead, the women were stripped entirely of their freedom and identity. Unlike some of the men, they loose the right to work outside the home, or even go out. Their only outing is for daily grocery shopping and mandatory attendance at public events. The women have no say in the choices of daily life, such as what to wear, or eat, who to be friends with, or the choice of sexual partners. Shall one be impregnated, she has no choice of having an abortion, nor the right to claim ownership of the child. The women have no real identities, for what they wore, and where they stood in society, was who they were. The handmaids were distinguished by their fairytale figure in a red cloak (Atwood 9), and served only for the purpose of reproduction. Some of the infertile women were kept in the house as servants, Marthas, dressed in a dull green, like a surgeons gown (Atwood 9). The Wives of the Commanders of the house were recognized by their blue wardrobes. Their main purpose was to raise the children the handmaids produced, and to maintain the domestic sphere. The ones outfitted in striped dresses, red and blue and green and cheap and skimpy (Atwood 27) were women of the poorer men, Econowives, and held the resposibilty of all three functions; a Martha, a Handmaid, and a Wife. A concept strongly present in the society of the Republic of Gilead is that of misogyny: the hatred of women. The jealousy is all centred towards the Handmaids by the infertile women of Gilead. The Wives envied the Handmaids due to the fact that, not only were they fertile but also because they stole away their husbands, the Commanders. Many of the Wives were blunt with their feelings and reacted in such ways; Stabbed her with a knitting needle, right in the belly., and using toilet cleanser[wich] worked like a charm. (Atwood 12) The second source of jealousy derives itself from the caretakers of the Handmaids, the Marthas. They are nothing but servants in the household, and have less freedom than the Handmaids, no outings, nor any sexual experience. Due to the resentment and bitterness heavily weighed on the Handmaids, many take the only freedom which exists; the freedom to refuse to handle any of the pressure and take the only control of their life- to end it; She hanged herself.it was better. (Atwood 329) The patriarchal society portrayed in The Handmaids Tale is one of which existed for centuries, and is still present, though not to such extreme. In Hebrew times it was considered normal for a man to have sex and even conceive children by his servants, especially if his wife was infertile. Such a story can be traced to the Bible in the book of Genesis. Rachel, one of Jacobs wives, is infertile, suprisingly, since her sister, Leah, who is also married to Jacob, bears him many. Envying her sister, Rachel gives Jacob her maid as a wife and says, Behold my maid Bilah, go in unto her, and she shall bear upon my knees, that I also may have children by her.(Genesis 30:2-4). Bilah gave Jacob many children and appeared to have no choice in the situation, showing women are valued only for their ability to reproduce, and their consent is not required. (FitzsimmonsWoods) Such situations not only occurred a century ago, but just decades ago, and some even still happen today. In various contries around the world, women are still being treated as though the only thing from which our society can benefit from them is by means of reproducing and domestic purposes.. The persistance in India of cutural practices that discriminate against girls and women means not only abuse of,  but, finally, the deaths of countless women. (PetersWolper 51) The high technology has assisted in the discrimination against women, instead of bringing relief. Parents can now detect the sex if a fetus within the first trimester, and, upon learning that the sex of the unborn child is female, many women choose or are forced to abort. (PetersWolper 51) ( The use of ultrasounds is also used for selective abortion of female fetuses in China (PetersWolper 97) Female children were fed less and were not given foods such as butter or milk, which were reserved for boys. While boys went to school, girls were forced to stay home to assist in house chores and the looking after of younger siblings. (PetersWolper 51) Even educated, well-placed professional women submit, for instance, to wife beating, , implicitly an acceptable form of control. (PetersWolper 52) Just as in India, successful women in the former United States were converted into nameless handmaids in the Republic of Gilead. The second country of which practices the unfair treatment of women, demeaning them to less than humans is Iran. Women in Iran, compared to men, are worth half as much by means of everything including inheritance and testimonials in court. Even compensation paid to a murdered womans family is half that of a mans. (PetersWolper 72) Men, who may be polygamous, are permitted to have up to four wives and an unlimited number of concubines. A married woman must be at all times willing to meet her husbands sexual needs, and if she refuses, she loses the right to shelter, food and clothing. A husband, father or brother has the right to kill his wife, daughter, or sister and go unpunished if he finds her committing an immoral or unchaste act. (PetersWolper 73) Like in The Handmaids Tale, the woman of Iran have no choice in the clothes which they wear. The veil and the Islamic dress code are central to the segregation of women. In an effort to confine women to the home, Khomeini declared that the 1936 authorization of freedom of dress for women was null and void, and that the veil and the Islamic attire were compulsory for women. (PetersWolper 74 ) Failure to abide in the dress code resulted in punishment in forms of having their face splashed with acid, cut with razors, and even sometimes death. (PetersWolper 75) Even, like in The Handmaids Tale, having any relation outside of the house was strictly forbidden. In 1991, a woman was stoned to  death after having been accused of having relations with a Guardian of the Islamic Revolution. (PetersWolper 76) In a neighbouring country, women also have little, if any say, to the decisions made in their lives. The women of Israel are fighting tradition in attempts to gain equal rights, wich right now is just a mere distant dream. The world according to Jewish law is divided into two spheres, the public and the private. Mans place is in the public sphere of political government and the market economy, while the womans place is in the private sphere of domesticity. (PetersWolper 91-92). The handmaids in Atwoods novel were held captive in their Commanders house, and lived a private, and lonesome life, while the Commander took outings when he pleased. Under biblical law in Israel, men were allowed to practice polygamy, where monogamy only applied to the females. Thus, even today, if a wife refuses to grant her husband a divorce or is incompetent to do so, the husband might be given special permission to marry another woman. If the situation were vise versa, the woman would remain bound in the marriage, should the husband refuse a divorce. (PetersWolper 92) This is of similarity, showing the little power woman held when in reference to the novel. Although it was evident that the Commanders wife greatly disapproved of the handmaid, and the sexual activity, she was powerless in its prevention. The Handmaids Tale is merely a representation, and a more extreme view, of the various patriarchal societies evident throughout the worlds history. Although it is no longer evident in Canada and the United States, such practices are still held across our ocean, in third world countries. Such laws have survived centuries, from our past to our present, and most likely into our far future. But no matter how many restrictions are applied to the female, they will never be able to be eliminated. A society cannot function without a woman, for a woman is the only one who propogates it.

Understanding Of Sociological Concepts And Theories Sociology Essay

Understanding Of Sociological Concepts And Theories Sociology Essay This essay will demonstrate the knowledge and understanding of sociological concepts and theories related to health, illness and health care. It will also look and explain the historical and contemporary patterns of inequality in health and illness. It will also critically discuss why some people are healthier than others. It will also Discuss insight of sociological methods of research discovery and evaluate the relevant data. Sociology of health is the study between different ethnic groups and individuals in human society. The twentieth century has witnessed a rise in life expectancy for people that live in industrialized countries compared to other parts of the world the standards of health and wellbeing are quite high. Research has shown that certain groups of people tend to enjoy a much healthier life style than others. Theses health inequalities appear to be in the larger socioeconomic patterns. Sociologists have attempted to explain the link between health and the variation in social class, gender, race, age and location (Giddens 2001). Research on class and health has shown a pattern between death and illness and an individuals social class. There have been two nationwide studies on health in the United Kingdom one of theses being The Black Report in 1980 (Giddens 2001). The Black Report, was commissioned by the government to look at data on health inequalities and to make recommendation for policy and research, which focused largely on materialist explanation of health inequality. The report emphasised the need for an all- inclusive anti-poverty policy and for improvement in education in order to reduce health inequalities (Macintyre 1997). Studies show that poverty can be bad for your health. Areas of the country with above average numbers of people dying young, that is before 65, are generally poor urban areas. Glasgow, London and many of the biggest cities in the North of England stand out in particular. Suicide rates amongst young men are four times higher amongst those with no known occupation compared to those in Social Class 1. People on low incomes are more likely to suffer episodes of serious depression. (BBC News 1999) In a speech on 27 March 1977 the then Secretary of State for Social Services stated: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. The crude differences in mortality rates between the various social classes are worrying. To take the extreme example, in 1971 the death rate for adult men in social class V (unskilled workers) was nearly twice that of adult men in social class I (professional workers) even when account has been taken of the different age structure of the 2 classes. When you look at death rates for specific diseases the gap is even wider. For examples for tuberculosis the death rate in social class V is 10 times that for social class I; for bronchitis it was 5 times as high and for lung cancer and stomach cancer 3 times as high. Social class differences in mortality begin at birth. In 1971 neo-natal death rates deaths within the first month of life were twice as high for the children of fathers in social class V as they were in social class I. Death rates for the post-neo-natal period from one month up to one year were nearly 5 times higher in social class V than in social class I à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The first step towards remedial action is to put together what is already known about the problem à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ it is a major challenge for the next 10 or more years to try to narrow the gap in health standards between different social classes. Many cultures have different health and cultural beliefs such as in the Asian ethnic groups believe that the extended family have influence on individuals; the oldest male is the decision maker and spokesman. Stacy (1988) stated that various cultural social and economic factors all of which have their own roots in the eighteenth century Biomedical is one of the ways to understanding health and illness in the western cultures, but also being accepted not only by doctors but also by none professional. There is general agreement among contributors that there are a number of important characteristics Nettleton (1995.5) describes some examples these being Mid -body dualism which is accepting that the mind and the body can be treated with two different things, Mechanical metaphor looks at the theory of which that the body is a machine, Biomedical is described as reductionist in that there are tendency to reduce all explanations to the physical working of the body. All cultures have a known concept of physical health and illness, but most of what is recognized as medicine is a consequence of development in western society over the past three centuries. Premodern cultures, the family was the main institution coping with illness and disease. There have always been people who believe that you can be healed by different remedi es such as physical and magical in the non- western cultures throughout the world (Giddens 2001). The Bio-medical model there are three main theorys on why the bio-medical model of health is predicted. First disease is seen as a breakdown within the human body that diverts it from its normal state of being The germ theory of disease, second is the mind and body are able to be treated separately and the third being doctors who have been trained and are experts in treating illness and disease (Giddens 2001). Critics to this model say that the effectiveness of scientific medicine overrated. In spite of the prestige that modern medicine has acquired, improvement in overall health can be attributed far more too social and environmental changes than to medical skill. Effective sanitation, better nutrition and improved sewerage and hygiene were more influential particularly in reducing the rates of infant deaths and young people (Mc Keown 1979). Other critics like Ivan Illich (1976) states that modern medicine has done more harm than good.

Analysis of Ferrous Ferrite (Fe3O4)

Analysis of Ferrous Ferrite (Fe3O4) 1.1 INTRODUCTION: The naturally occurring ferrite is the ferrous ferrite (Fe3O4) as â€Å"Load stone†. In early days it was called as ferromagnetic material. L.Neel, tells us that these materials are â€Å"ferromagnetic† material due to uncompensated anti parallel spin arrangement. Due to interesting intrinsic properties magnetic materials are classified into Ferromagnetic materials, Ferrites. In last decades , in the field of the ferrites expensive development was done by many contributors and found to be technically, commercially useful magnetic material. These materials are at high frequencies, high electrical resistivity of magnetic temperature coefficient of resistance along with low magnetic loss. Basically, Ferrous ferrite (Fe3O4) consist double oxides FeO and Fe2O3 . The properties of these materials are alter by substituting divalent iron ion by divalent cation like Cd2+,Mg2+,Ni2+,Zn2+,Cu2+,Co2+ etc. from transition element. The spinel ferrites are represented as MFe2O4, where M is divalent cations. The magnetic properties are significantly improved by substituting trivalent iron ion by Al3+,Cr3+,Mn4+, Ti4+,Sn4+, Gd3+,Nd3+ etc. for particular applications because of their interesting magnetic and electrical properties with chemical and thermal stabilities[Gadkari A.B et.al. (2010)]. The applications of these materials in fields like electrical components, memory devices, microwave devices telecommunications, electronic industries, dada storage, data processing due to its high resistivity and low power losses. [Ernst Schloeman et al. (2000)] Ferrites are of two type’s,one is hard ferrite and other is soft ferrite. The material which are easily magnetized and demagnetized, it is called soft magnetic material .That means, it can store or transfer magnetic energy in alternating or other changing wave forms. The ferromagnetic materials like iron, nickel, cobalt and some of the rare earths materials shows a unique magnetic behavior. All the magnetic moments of the individual ions or atoms are aligned parallel to some particular direction and the unpaired electron spins line up parallel with each other in the ferromagnetic material. The region in which magnetic dipoles align parallel to each other is called a domain. The structural properties of ferrite are very important. The structural properties of ferrites mainly depends on the manufacturing process of ferrite[Mangalaraja R.V. et al. (2003)]. In fundamental science, magnetic spinel ferrites are of great importance. They are useful especially for find out the fundamental relationship between magnetic properties and their crystalchemistry and structure [ Kalonji G.et.al.(1999)]. They find extensive applications in microwave devices, radar, digital recording, ferrofluids, catalysis and magnetic refrigeration systems [Horvath M.P. et.al. (2007)]. For the spinel ferrite the general formula is AB2O4and it is consisting of an almost perfect cubic closed packed oxygen arrangement, with the cations residing on tetrahedral and octahedralinterstices. Nowadays, magnetic materials are used in various fields. The soft magnetic materials can be attracted to a permanent magnet and the hard magnetic materials become a permanent magnet. In case of soft magnetic materials, the large magnetic fields cannot be generated to the outside but in hard magnetic materials it generates magnetic fields. The magnetic materials like iron, cobalt and nickel ordinarily reveal prominent magnetic property. In industry, the ferromagnetic materials are widely used. In case of metal and alloy magnetic materials, due to their lower electrical resistivity the initial permeability and magnetic flux density is high and loss in eddy current is large at high frequencies. Nowadays, high-frequency characteristics are more useful, so this is occurred in ferrites which is multiplying the thin films. Due to higher electrical resistivity, the soft ferrites has excellent characteristics at high frequency. They are abundantly used for inductors or core materials of trans former. The hard ferrite is also used abundantly as permanent magnets for speakers and motors. The soft ferrite is used into an alternating magnetic field. Ferrites are chemical compounds. They are composed of a ceramic material along with iron oxide as their main component. The magnetic property of the ferrite is due the structure and the arrangement of the ions in the sub lattice. 1.2 SPINEL COMPOUNDS The word spinel which is derived from Italian spinella, diminutive of spine, thorn (from its sharply pointed crystals). In the cubic system, Spinel crystallizes forming octahedral crystals. In spinel super group there are at least 30 oxide minerals included. The majority of spinel compounds belongs to the space group Fd3m. The formula for the principal member of the group has, AB2O4; out of which ‘A’ is a divalent metal ion such as magnesium, iron, nickel, manganese and zinc. The ‘B’ is trivalent metal ions such as aluminium, iron, chromium and/or manganese. Also, titanium Ti4+ and Pb2+ etc. may occupy this site. The solid solutioning which is common process in this group of minerals that means they may contain certain percentages of different ions in any particular specimen [Adams, D. M (1974)]. The oxygen ions are mostly larger than the metallic ions and the spinel structure can be formed by a cubic close packing of O2- ions, in most oxide structures in wh ich the cations (e.g. Co2+, Fe3+) occupy certain interstices. So, the structure of a spinel compound and the highly symmetric structure of diamond is same. The position of the A ions and the positions of carbon atoms occupied in the diamond structure is identical. In this group this could discuss the relatively high hardness and high density. The arrangement in the structure of the other ions shows the symmetry just like diamond structure. This arrangement of the ions verifies the octahedral crystal structure which is the predominant crystal form and also the trademark of the spinels. Now a day, there are well over a hundred compounds are reported of the spinel structure. Most of them are oxides, sulphides, selenides and tellurides and some are halides. There are different cations may be introduced into the spinel structure and several charge combinations are possible, therefore, almost any combination that added and balances eight positive charges of anionic charges [Smyth,D.M.(200 0)],for example Co2+Fe23+O4, Mg22+Ti4+O4, Li1+Al3+Ti4+O4, Li0.51+Al2.53+O4 and Na21+W6+O4, etc. In oxide spinels, there are two types of cations which do not differ in size greatly because the spinel structure is stable only when the cations are rather medium sized and also the radii of the different ionic species in the same compound must be nearly equal. Therefore, similar cation combinations occur in sulphides, e.g. Zn2+Al23+S4 and Cu22+Sn4+S4. Hence, in halide spinels e.g. Li21+Ni3+F4 and Li1+Mn23+/ 4+F4 in which cations are limited to charges of plus 1 and plus 2, give an overall cation: anion ratio of 3 as 4. Most spinels divided into three series determined by a B metal represent aluminate series with Al3+ (Hercynite, Gahnite, Galaxite); a magnetite series with Fe3+ (Magnetite,Magnesioferrite, Franklinite); the chromite series with Cr3+ (Chromite, Magnesiochromite). There is extensive cationic exchange (solid solution) within each series but very little between the series [King, R. J (2004)]. These spinels are classified on the basis of the distribution of cations in the two principal sites which are tetrahedral site (T-) and octahedral site (O-) [West, A. R. (1989)], into three types. 1.2.1 NORMAL SPINEL In normal spinel A (BB) O4, all the divalent (A) cations placed on the tetrahedral (T-) sites and the trivalent (B) cations present on the octahedral (O-) sites. Which can be shown by the formula [A]tet [B2]oct O4. The examples of normal spinel are MgO.Al2O3 = MgAl2O4 (normal, parent mineral) ZnO.Fe2O3 = ZnFe2O4 (normal) FeO.Al2O3 = FeAl2O4 (normal) CoO.Al2O3 = CoAl2O4 (normal) MnO.Al2O3 = MnAl2O4 (normal) NiO.Al2O3 = NiAl2O4 - (normal) 1.2.2 INVERSE SPINEL The inverse spinel, B (AB) O4, the divalent cations occupying on the O-sites and the trivalent cations which are equally divided among the T- and remaining other on O-sites. Which can be represented by formula, [B]tet [A, B]oct O4. The CoFe2O4 is conformably an inverse spinel with a formula; CoxFe1-x (Co1-xFe1+x) O4(with x 0) where x represents the cation distribution factor which discuss the fraction of tetrahedral sites occupied by Co2+ cations [Guire, M. R.D (1989)]. CoO.Fe2O3 = FeCoFeO4 (inverse) NiO.Fe2O3 = FeNiFeO4 - (inverse) MgO.Fe2O3 = FeMgFeO4 (inverse) 1.2.3 RANDOM SPINEL It has an intermediate cation distribution, represented as [B0.67 A0.33]tet [A0.67B1.33]octO4. In this elementary unit cell of spinel structure consists eight tetrahedral and sixteen octahedral sites which are occupied by metal ions and the extreme cases, represent completely normal and inverse spinel, Therefore, the general cation distribution can be represented as [ M(2)iq+M(1)1-ip+]AIV [M(1)p+i/2 M(2)(2-i)/2q+]2BvI O4 where M+(1)p+ and M(2)q+ are the minority and majority cations respectively. Hence, the first quantity in brackets shows the average occupancy of A-sites (coordination number of four (IV)) and the second quantity in brackets shows the average occupancy of B-sites (coordination number of six (VI)). The inversion parameter ÃŽ ³, shows the fraction of A-sites acquired by majority ions.

Documenting The Depression Essay -- essays research papers

Documenting the Depression: The FSA photographers and Rural Poverty   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Great Depression fell hard in the year of 1935 bringing what seemed to some people the end of the world. But in truth, the Great Depression was nothing near the end of the world, in fact the year of 1935 was not the first year nor was it the last year that many families had suffered and went hungry due to lack of work. Families forced to leave their home. Children going in hunger while their bellies pierced with pain. Mothers trying desperately to keep the family together while holding the brunt of the problems due to the depression. The husbands feeling the guilt for not having a job and thinking that it is his fault. Children scream with lack of food and sheer boredom as the families pack their bags and head towards California in hopes to find work and the start of a new life. This is a painted picture of what one might have saw during the Great Depression. However, we need not imagine what it might have been like. What pictures might have looked like because we already know.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Photography was a technological advance during the nineteenth century and although not many people had cameras, the ones that did, did not miss the opportunity to capture the cruel times of that period. In John Vachon’s picture taken in 1940, he shows an abandoned farmhouse in Ward County, North Dakota. Vachon also takes a picture of the living quarters of a fruit packing home for the workers in Berrien, Michigan in 1940. The small confinements of the house could barely suit one person let alone a whole family. Dorothea Lang, another photographer of that time shots photos of a migrant mother in Nipomo, California in 1936. Her face stern and wrinkled. A look of sadness and concern appears on her tired face while her two children cling on to her shoulder. She also took a picture of a Mexican migrant workers home in Imperial Valley, California in 1937. His home is merely anymore than a small bedroom. A shack made out of cardboard and what appears to be aluminu m. Once again, hardly set for one person let alone a family. These conditions were not anything unusual. Unfortunately, those were the times during the Great Depression and the photographers could not have captured them any better.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Great Depression ended because of... ..., North Carolina in 1939. That picture was taken by Marion Post Wolcott and it shows the owner neatly pressed wearing a black suit and hat smoking a cigar. Arthur Rothstein took another picture in 1940 that one also depicts an owner of a mule dealer in Creedmoor, North Carolina neatly pressed in a black suit only smoking a cigarette as opposed to a cigar. Those were the people who didn’t care that people were suffering, they didn’t care if they had no home and most of all, they didn’t care if children went hungry. They were in it for they money. So when I look at those pictures and think what the American middle class worker at that time would think, I hatefully have to say that they would not care one way or another. You win some, you lose some.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Great Depression was a tragic era in history. To sum up the feelings and hard times that people had suffered through would be nearly impossible. But like I stated in the previous pages, the pictures tell no lies. The pictures cannot erase the expression on people’s faces or the appearance that portray. The evidence is in the pictures, it always has been and it will remain to do so until the end of time.

Dunbarton by Robert Lowell Essay example -- Poetry Life Studies Robert

"Dunbarton" by Robert Lowell is one of the poems from his "Life Studies" book. It's a short poem of only two pages but it has very deep meaning. The poem alludes to the poet's relationship with his grandfather. In this essay I will analyze this piece in detail and talk about the author's connection with his grandfather. Robert Lowell prefers the use of free verse for his poems. He doesn't use a specific style for this piece; it is more free styled. He uses poetic language but there is no metered rhythm in the poem. Lowell even said once in an interview: "Prose is in many ways better off than poetry...I thought poetry was getting increasingly stifling. I couldn't get my experiences into tight metrical forms" (J. Myers and D. Wojahn, p. 154). He was also the first poet who wrote about his family to tell the truth about them, and "took the laundry out on the public." In "Life Studies", the author talks about his parents and the family members. Lowell writes about himself as well as his family members in a very critical way, which was unheard of at that time. Though some of the facts are not true and are exaggerated, his poems satirize the family. He does a lot of character description, and he performs it with a great irony. Many metaphors and details make his works very twisted. In a way, he confuses the reader but at the same time, he interchanges that with some sentences that are short, sharp, and very direct. Sometimes, they are even too straightforward: "He was my father. I was his son" (Line 10). He didn't seem to have much love for his father; however, he had a great connection with his grandfather. The poem opens with the following: "My Grandfather found his grandchild's fogbound solitudes sweeter than huma... ...owell is a great poet and writer. Although I do not like reading books that have a depressing mood like Lowell's, I appreciate the work he has done. As I read in one book: "'Life Studies' broke new ground with its despairing yet elegant lucidity" (J. Myers and D. Wojahn, p. 194), I agree with the saying. His poems are very complex, profound, and are even unresolved. It can be discussed unlimited number of times and still have a charming mystery about it. In "Dunbarton", which is a very short piece, Robert Lowell was able to express the great love he had for his grandfather and I think that it takes a great amount of talent to do it with such ease and flow. Works Cited Lowell, Robert. "Life Studies". 1967. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Myers, J. and D. Wojahn. "A Profile of Twentieth Century American Poetry". 1991. Southern Illinois University Press.

Why do people committ crime

The three classifications I believe then can be placed into are biological, psychological and sociological. I personally think people commit crimes for a variety of reasons: peer pressure, opportunity, greed, poor moral Judgment and character; They fail to see the benefits of adhering to the law conventional social values; The opinion that everyone commits some type of crime; The more that society perceive a particular criminal behavior as reasonable or acceptable, the less likely that It will be considered evil two prime examples are the legalization of marijuana. r prohibition. Is it biological, hereditary is it in our genes? Is it psychological or due to traits in our personality? Is it due to solicitation – do we learn it, from other people? Is it explained by our bonds to society? Is it because of where you were raised; or is it because of imbalances In our society? Does a lack of religious morals have anything to do with It? I have always been fascinated with why people commit crime in our society we can answer who, what, when and where but the last question why usually goes unanswered and drives us mad!The first category Is biological I know most- illogical theories have faded as society becomes more enlightened. I am saying brain damage, bad genetics, poor diet, and gender. Males are the predominate class of criminal offenders due to aggressive behavior that is encouraged in our society. While I believe some crimes are caused by biological imbalances, I believe there has to be a tipping point from society. The opportunity the victim the time and place and an imbalance in the odds which favor success. Like most detectives, I find the study of psychology of criminal behavior fascinating and the most-dangerous kind of rimming.This leads us to the second part of my theory. The second category I will put forward Is psychological. I think this class or reason to commit a crime Is the worst and most dangerous. I place psychopath and sociopaths in this c ategory. I put people who are Impulsive enjoy the power of controlling others these criminals get a rush of adrenaline high. Serial killers and rapist fall Into this category. Most of these people are loners whether it is due to the nature or nurture. I become criminals. The last category on the list is sociological.I think where you grow p and your socioeconomic status, peer pressure and education make a great deal of difference in whether an individual will become a criminal. Gang fall into this category, petty crime I personally think our prison system makes this worse because all it does is make better criminals. I think most criminals start in this class. This leads me to my theory. My theory after a lifetime in criminal Justice and my education in college is very simple old Caesar Baccarat had it right people weigh the good against the bad, in other words, is a crime worth the time. It all boils down to personal choice.

Course outline of managing organisation course

Law Theatre (604) Wednesday 16:ooh- 18:00 Thursday g:ooh- al:ooh Friday 14:00 – 16:00 You are also required to attend ONE (1) one hour tutorial per week. There are a number of tutorial options for students. Please see the NUNS enrolment system for details of tutorial times. Tutorials start in Week 2 (to Week 13). A full list of tutorials, times and tutors will be on the Course Website. 2. 2 Units of Credit The course is worth 6 units of credit. There is no parallel teaching in this course. 2. 3 Summary of Course Managing Organizations and People is a foundational core course offered in the main bachelor degree programs.This course introduces students to the knowledge and skills required to successfully manage organizations and people in a global economy, based on contemporary research and practice. The course is designed to provide strong foundations for the development of future organizational leaders and managers who will be able to successfully respond to complex and turbul ent environments, promote and sustain competitive advantage, ensure ethical and social responsibility in business practice and decision making, and manage changing social, increasingly global and diverse workplace.Topics include: the role of organizations in odder societies, sustainability and corporate social responsibility, the importance of organizational leadership, power and networks, sources of conflict, problem solving, group motivation and behavior, as well as professional skills. 2. 4 Course Aims and Relationship to Other Courses The aim of MOTION is to provide you with an introduction to principles, practices, issues and debates that are relevant to the management of organizations.You will study concepts and theories that help explain the attitudes and behaviors of employees and managers. As a core course in the Bachelor of Commerce degree, the activities, materials and assessments have been designed to provide students with the opportunity to develop skills relevant to th eir studies and employment. 2. 5 Student Learning Outcomes 2. 1 Student Learning Outcomes By the end of this course, you should be able to: Content outcomes: 1 . Explain the central role of organizations in society 2. Evaluate the value and importance of the human side of organizations 3. Scribe the interconnections between individual(s), team(s) and organization(s) 4. Understand the language of organizations and management Skills outcomes: 5. Acquire foundational academic research skills 6. Monster familiarity with the process of critical analysis 7. Enhance your effectiveness in working in groups and teams 8. Learn independently and assume responsibility for the learning process ASP Undergraduate Program Learning Goals and Outcomes 1 . Knowledge: Our graduates will have in-depth disciplinary knowledge applicable in local and global contexts.You should be able to select and apply disciplinary knowledge to business situations in a local and global environment. 2. Critical thinking a nd problem solving: Our graduates will be critical thinkers and effective problem solvers. You should be able to identify and research issues in equines situations, analyses the issues, and propose appropriate and well-justified solutions. 3. Communication: Our graduates will be effective professional communicators. You should be able to: and presentation for the intended audience, purpose and context, and b.Prepare and deliver oral presentations that are clear, focused, well-structured, and delivered in a professional manner. 4. Teamwork: Our graduates will be effective team participants. You should be able to participate collaboratively and responsibly in teams, and reflect on your own teamwork, and on the team's processes and ability to achieve outcomes. . Ethical, social and environmental responsibility: Our graduates will have a sound awareness of the ethical, social, cultural and environmental implications of business practice.You should be able to: a. Identify and assess ethi cal, environmental and/or sustainability considerations in business decision-making and practice, and b. Identify social and cultural implications of business situations. The following table shows how your Course Learning Outcomes relate to the overall Program Learning Goals and Outcomes, and indicates where these are assessed (they may also be developed in tutorials and other activities): Program Learning Goals and Outcomes, and indicates where these are assessed.Program Learning Goals and Outcomes Course Learning Outcomes Course Assessment Item This course helps you to achieve the following learning goals for all ASP undergraduate students: On successful completion of the course, you should be able to: This learning outcome will be assessed in the following items: 1 Knowledge Tutorial activities Assignment 1 Assignment 2 Critical thinking and problem solving 5. Demonstrate familiarity with the process of critical analysis Tutorial activities Exam Written communication 6. Enhance y our effectiveness in working in groups and teams 7. Earn independently and assume responsibility for the learning process team activity Spot quiz b Oral communication 8. Learn independently and assume responsibility for the learning process Tutorial participation mark 4 Teamwork 7. Enhance your effectiveness in working in groups and teams Tutorial participation mark Ethical, environmental and sustainability responsibility 2. Evaluate the value and importance of the human side of organizations Spot quiz b. Social and cultural awareness 3. Describe the interconnections between individual(s), team(s) and organization(s) 4. 1 Approach to Learning and Teaching in the Course MOTION has been designed to provide you with a complete learning experience that incorporates interactive teaching and learning and provides a strong foundation for successful studies in your Bachelor's degree. We encourage student contributions, through discussion and questioning that draw upon your reading and life experiences. 3. 2 Learning Activities and Teaching Strategies Role of Lectures – The lectures provide a forum to introduce students to the main issues, theories and conceptual frameworks for each topic.Lecture notes for each seeks topic will be available on the course website on the preceding Sunday. For example, the Week 4 lecture handout will be available to you on the Sunday before the lecture week. There will be specific information provided in the lectures to assist you in the spot quizzes Role of the Tutorial – The tutorials use a variety of experiential learning activities which encourage active engagement in the tutorials. The weekly tutorials provide you with an interactive environment to enhance your formal and informal learning in the course.The more conscientiously you participate, the more you will enjoy and learn from the tutorials. The tutorials also provide you with opportunities to improve important interpersonal skills by working with other students i n groups and teams, building relationships and networks, and being exposed to the opinions and values of others. Role of Everest Simulation – The Everest Simulation provides students with a hands-on experience of concepts taught in this course.Abele S, & Starters G, 2008, Coordination Success and Interpersonal Perceptions: Matching Versus Mismatching, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Issue: Volume 95(3), September, p 576-592 Brother D A, 2012, Self-Monitoring Tools and Student Academic Success: When Perception Matches Reality, Journal of College Science Teaching. 5 Mammon: 26-32. AND 2. You must find at least TWO (2) and a maximum of FOUR (4) academic articles in the allowing library databases: ABA Inform; Business Source; Web of Science that are relevant to support your analysis. Note: websites and books are not valid sources for this assignment.Marking criteria: Development of a consistent, clear and well-supported answer to the question Overall quality of anal ysis, depth of reflection/ thinking in terms of the key themes and issues raised in the question Quality of academic research (sourced from appropriate Journals/ databases, appropriate number of sources, relevance of sources to your argument) Appropriate structure (logical sequence; transitions teens parts; well-developed paragraphs) Clarity of expression & grammar Correct format of in-text citations and bibliography using Harvard style .DUDE Harvard Guide) Appropriate document formatting as per requirements on section 4. 6 of the Course Outline and length (1,000 words +1- 10%) 4. 3. 2 Assignment 2 Requirements: Report – 30% of final mark Due date: At WEEK 11 in the tutorial. You must also upload an identical copy via â€Å"Turn-it-in† on or before your due date or your assignment will not be marked. Submission procedure: See section 4. 4 â€Å"Assignment Submission Procedure† in this ours outline Weighting: 30% of your total course mark Length: 2,500 words +1- 10% The word count must be disclosed on the coversheet of your report.Report Focus: Critically analyses your individual and team's experiences in a virtual world and as a physical team by using the results in the Everest simulation using the following three course concepts 1) Communication (including distribution effect) ; 2) groups and teams; and 3) leadership The report must address the following areas: Included in word limit Assignment cover sheet: No Title page: Executive summary: Table of contents: Introduction: Yes (approve 250 words) Body: Critically analyses your individual and team's experiences and results in the two Everest simulations using the following three course concepts: 1 .Communication including distribution effect 2. Groups and teams including virtual teams 3. Leadership Yes (approve 2100 words) Conclusion (Briefly summarizing what you have learnt from the experience) Yes (approve 1 50 words) List of references / bibliography Compulsory appendices: All students who were â€Å"participants† (not â€Å"observers†) in Everest must attach a copy of the â€Å"Goals on Track† page from the simulation All students (participants & observers) must attach a copy of team contract NoReference requirements: You must use a minimum of six (6) academic references to support your analysis Marking criteria: and issues raised in the Everest experience Quality of academic research (appropriate number of academic sources, relevance of sources to your argument) Appropriate structure (logical sequence; transitions between parts; well-developed paragraphs) Clarity of expression & grammar Correct in-text citations and bibliography format using Harvard style . DUDE Harvard Guide) Correct document formatting as per requirements in section 4. 6 of the Course Outline, length (2,500 words +1- 10%), and inclusion of compulsory appendices.More information about the Everest Simulation can be found in the Student Workbook, and guidance will be provided to students during the semester via the course website. 4. 3. 3 Individual Participation – 20% of final mark Tutorial Attendance and Participation: (5%) Preparation for, and active participation in, your lectures and seminars is a vital component of the learning in this subject and as such students who prepare and participate in the classroom will be rewarded. Participation may involve small group discussion, short informal presentations to the class, answering questions, participation in class discussion.Participation marks are based on the degree to which students make an informed contribution to class and small group discussion. Simply attending tutorials without getting involved in class discussion is of little value to you or your classmates and will result in a minimal participation mark. To be eligible for the Tutorial Attendance and Participation mark students must attend a minimum of nine(9) tutorials. Students must ensure their attendance is taken. If students have a valid reason to be absent, documentary evidence (e. G. Medicate certificate) must be presented to the tutor in the next tutorial. Grading:

Food Habits Essay

Are you a teenager appearing for your Xth or XII class board exams? Well then, this is the time of the year when you must be busy feverishly preparing for the exams. During the couple of months or so prior to the commencement of exams, it is a common phenomenon among youngsters in this age group to neglect their meals and pursue erratic eating habits. So, you are not likely to be an exception either. Unfortunately this habit of poor eating will take a heavy toll of your health and general well being. The relationship between nervousness and lack of appetite is a vicious cycle. Out of sheer nervousness, you will shun healthy meals, which in turn will make you weak and nervous. It would be wise therefore to discard the idea of skipping meals, eating haphazardly and to get down to some sensible eating habits. * First and foremost, students need to consume substantial quantities of proteins. Recent researches reveal that there is a definite correlation between choline a substance naturally founding high protein foods, and good memory. Which is probably why the Indians in the Northern hinterland consider the fish-eating folks of all the coastal states, to have better mental faculties than themselves. * Therefore, it would be a good idea to eat a lot of proteins e. g fish, eggs, pulses, cottage cheese, Soya/Tofu/Soya derivatives, curd/yoghurt and so forth. * Experienced nutritionists suggest that growing children in their mid/ late teens ought eat a lot of dried fruits like almonds, pine nuts, dates figs etc. Being packed with energy these food items help in repairing the damage caused by stress. * It has been generally observed that around the time of examinations children tend to suffer from stress related diarrhoea. So it is absolutely essential that they are served less oily, less spicy and easy to digest foodstuffs. * Children preparing for their crucial examinations must increase their intake of liquids/fluids e: g milk, juices, and soups. However, processed/packed soups are an absolutely no-no. Despite the manufacturers’ tall claims, such soups are lacking in the essential nutrients and moreover contain synthetic preservatives, which youngsters could conveniently do without. Fresh mixed fruit/vegetable juices, especially carrot juice, garnished with suitable spices are indeed a boon for the examinees. * Tea/ coffee is a beverage that students love to consume because of their stimulating properties. However drinking coffee/tea on an empty stomach early in the morning is bound to prove disastrous. Similarly gulping down mugs of black tea /coffee in order to stay up the whole night, will do more harm than good. This habit gives rise to ailments like nausea, hypertension, insomnia among other. things. * Students normally experience hunger pangs in between meals. During such times, the parents must put their foot down and convince/persuade the children to have plenty o fresh fruits instead of junk food like burgers, pizzas, chips, samosas, bread pakoras, chhloay -bhaturay and lots more. Instead fries and snacks prepared at home would be a good substitute as the standards of hygiene and quality of materials can be ascertained. * A word of caution. Everyday ones comes across hordes of ads highlighting the near miraculous powers of several drugs/mixtures, claiming to enhance memory / retentive power, increase concentration and ameliorate overall performance in the exams. Without any offence meant to anybody, in case you plan to try these out, you will be doing so at your own risk. Unfortunately the efficacy stuffs such as these have not yet been scientifically authenticated.

According to Aristotle

According to Aristotle, Oedipus is an archetypal tragic hero. Plot plays an integral role in developing Oedipus’s character throughout the play which thus impacts the play's storyline. Aristotle states that â€Å"The plot is the imitation of the action:-for by plot I here mean the arrangement of the incidents† (Aristotle 01). In this quote Aristotle emphasizes the importance of plot development. He explains how each event has a specific role in the playing out of the tragedy. In the beginning of Odedipus Rex, the audience assumes that Odepois is a sympathetic king who cares about his people. However, as one reads further on Odepoi’s true character is revealed. Subsequently â€Å"the most powerful elements of emotional interest in Tragedy-Peripeteia or Reversal of the Situation, and Recognition scenes-are parts of the plot† (Aristotle 01). These are the most prominent characteristics of the tragic genre. Furthermore they play a key role in drawing the reader’s attention. Significant emotional upheaval occurs when it is revealed that Odepois himself fulfils the prophecy and has killed the prior king. Without the emotional aspect of the play, the reader would not relate to the character or understand the plot. A person's character remains less important than a person's actions as Artistrole argues, â€Å"Now character determines men’s qualities, but it is by their actions that they are happy or the reverse† (Aristotle 01). The character supports the plot due to the personal motivation that precisely connected part of the cause-and-effect chain of actions thus producing pity and fear in the audience. Odepois’s determination to finding the murdered of laius, the original king, even though many warned him from discovering the truth is the play's main story-line. The prophecy that Odepois had fulfilled, played a major role in his character development throughout the play. As Aristotle states, â€Å"Now any speech or action that manifests moral purpose of any kind will be expressive of character: the character will be good if the purpose is good† (Aristotle 06). Aristotle explains the importance of the actions of the character and the impact his or her actions will make on the audience, that the actions of the character defines their characteristics. Odepois's blaming of individuals, when in search for the true murderer of Laius whilst remaining unaware of the facts, shows how over dramatic and hasty he is. This foreshadows the future due to the actions that were going to occur because of Odepois’s characteristics. Lastly, he states that the consistency (true to them) is a quality a character should have in a tragedy. Once a character’s personality and motivations are established, these should continue throughout the play as he defends, â€Å"For though the subject of the imitation, who suggested the type, be inconsistent, still he must be consistently inconsistent† (Aristotle 06). Aristotle suggests that a character should stay in role throughout the play in order to maintain a personal connection from the audience. â€Å"But, of all recognition, the best is that which arises from the incidents themselves, where the startling discovery is made by natural means† (Aristotle 07). In Odepois, when Odepois discovers that the prophecy was fulfilled after all, he realizes it was not due to another individual but by fate or nature. This explains how the characteristics of the character play out in creating the plot. Therefore, Odepois would be an example of a tragic hero according to Artistotle's standards.

Paradise

This short story Is about a guidebook writer called Nouvelle who recommends great areas In Nepal for spending holidays. When Unveiled arrives to Nepal he had a romantic idea of their standard of living. Which is clear in the passage were he memorizing: † The group of people were gathered about the fire, their faces lit by the warm glow of flames. Like a painting. A painting, yes, he would use that. † (P. L l. 10- 14) When the main character, Unveiled, has chosen to use the word painting here, it is to illustrate that the human beings and the nature is in harmony.In the passage mention earlier, in which Unveiled are memorizing, his attention to detail and way of ascribing it, is much similar to that of a picture of the romantic age. Unveiled also has a romantic idea of the population in this are where the story take place. This is shown after the breakfast where he philosophizes about the difference between his own world and the people in it, along with this new complete s trange world he has arrived in. † Unveiled felt a kind of awe of these people. They were like saints.The warmth they had shown him – a complete stranger – had been remarkable even by the high standards of hospitality he had encountered In this remote area of Nepal. How efferent from his own world, spoilt and depraved. Where people wallowed In their greed. † When Unveiled mentions these people as saints he compares them to something very sacredly therefore he gives them a delve status compared to his own people back home. When Unveiled has chosen to make this comparison he creates a greater gap between two cultures.And In this case a gap between the third world countries and the Industrialized and the rich part of the world. The setting in this short story plays an important role because the nature and the atmosphere around Unveiled make him wonder. The short story takes place, as Unveiled ascribes it, in a place almost similar to paradise. â€Å"l en calm Ana Eden a steep one, out ten location was spectacular . Nine settlement clung to a steep slope. Below the land fell away dizzyingly into the main valley. Above, it steeped into a sharply point snowflake, like a yaks horn. † (P. 3. L. 4-67) Later on he refers directly to a paradise, when he use the exact word paradise. † He could see white peaks far away in the distance, shimmering, mysterious. A paradise. A doomed paradise† (P. 4 1. 104-105) Matthew Knell has chosen to use the negative minded word â€Å"doomed† in front of he positive word â€Å"paradise†, it could be to illustrate that behind everything beautiful there is something bad waiting for you. On the other hand it might be a reference to the industrialized world in which he grew up. Earlier in the short story the reader gets the impression that Unveiled is trying to escape from something.And that something could easily be the industrialized world. † Where teenagers goaded and attacked old people for pleasure. Where children were not safe from molesters. Where wives left their husbands without warning and conscience. As had Inveigles own wife. No, here was something wiser, better† (p. L. 41-44) This is some personal experience from his earlier background, which is based on the industrialized world and how some persons act, learn and live in the Western Society. Unveiled is afraid that these friendly and kindly people in Draught will end up the same way as his own people.This again emphasizes Inveigles romantic ideas of these people in the village. And this medallion in the story is a symbol of the good and evil. If Unveiled accepts this present the people in Draught will end up like the people in the rich part of the world because of the tourism. It is almost as the apple from the Garden of Eden. In the end of the story Inveigles romantic ideas faces the harsh reality and this comes as a surprise for him. When he tries to explain, he realizes that these peo ple from the village in Draught are not stupid and naive, even though they are underdeveloped. Whit tourist money we can pay a doctor to visit sometimes. Also a teacher. If the children learn this place and go to Katmandu (†¦ ) And then you say you will not put us your book† (P. 6 L. 199-204) Now Unveiled knows that these people have known the truth from the start, and that they have played and use his own romantic ideas against him. And now his awe for Hess people are totally gone, because his romantic ideas was not as he thought they would be. Which is very clear at the end of the short story: â€Å"Only when he was clear of the house did he glance back.He could see no figures at all, only the wall of the buildings, linked together, closed. Up ahead were the white peaks he had noticed before. But now they were different† (P. 8 L. 247-250) In tans process winner Nouvelle tries to Dread Tree Trot Nils 010 Testily Ana winner en meets this new culture and nature he i s absolutely fascinated by he learns something about how every human being thinks after all. We all hunger after the name things. His romantic ideas of these villages in Nepal are Jus utopian ideas.He thought that these people were friendly and kindly to him without any ulterior motives and then he discovered that the motive was money and development. And money and development was that something Unveiled was trying to break free from. This short story gives a good example off two different cultures, which take two different positions in connection with money. In the one hand it is about surviving on the other hand it is about material benefits. Some of the messages in Paradise are: globalization, tourism and the question is money a good or a bad thing?

Philosophical Analysis of Terrorism and Torture Essay

Philosophical Analysis of Terrorism and Torture - Essay Example Modern wars are by design, not in alignment with the Just War Doctrine. Justification to initiate and continue a war is dependent upon the propaganda that starts before a war, continues and evolves according to the circumstances during this heinous act and subsides long after the war is over. It is therefore safe to assert that the Just War Doctrine does not in any way provide the control required to limit the violence related to war; instead it functions to guide the powerful forces to seek suitable justifications regarding initiation of the war process; no matter how misaligned the justifications. War conventions fail to substantiate in cases where the powerful forces regard their opponents as being â€Å"less than humans†. US attack on Iraq for eradication of weapons of mass-destruction can be regarded as a recent example of this scenario. Despite inflicting immense damage to the target country, no such weapons were recovered; the justification of war was hence flawed. Judging torture in the light of ethical theories can bring forth variable outcomes. The proponents of torture present it as the only available means for revelation of information that is essential to provide protection to other humans. An example in this regard is the ‘ticking bomb’ scenario that is often presented to convince people about the importance of torture as a means of ensuring the safety of masses. Judging torture from the deontological perspective brings forth the fact that torture should be avoided at all costs (Gordon 62). Since the proponents of deontological approach are inclined towards highlighting the importance of ‘duty’ without regard to the ‘outcome’; this approach demands that the general approach of treating the suspects be in accordance to the ethical principles and hence torture should be avoided at all costs. This is in contradiction to other ethical approaches which take into account the

Accounting and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Accounting and Society - Essay Example In contrast, conventional approaches to regulating the environment characteristically force entities to implement the same pollution control strategies, irrespective of the relative costs to the entities. This can be expensive and equally counterproductive since, although, the approach succeeds in limiting emissions, the attainment of the results is in an unjustifiably pricey way (Oates, Paul and Albert 1989, p.1233). Non-market-based approaches offer minimal or no incentive whatsoever to do better than what the law demands, or no room to develop and experiment with new technology and equipment that might yield enhanced improvement in pollution control (Hahn and Stavins 1991, p.2). The net result in this case is a drag on productivity and criticisms regarding regulatory inefficiency, all of which undermine commitment to attainment of environmental gains. This observation shapes the call for regulation based on free-market and pro-regulatory approach as it delivers more gains to the society as a whole. Economists criticize non-market-based approaches approach to regulation by citing its costliness and rigidity (Driesen 2003, p.137). From late 1980s, market based instruments for environmental regulation gained prominence such as emissions trading programs. Australia Government’s response has been no different as espoused by its creation of pricing mechanism for carbon and fresh regulatory rep orting requirements centring on greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption, and production. The Australian government announced plans to replace the $15 per tonne carbon price floor with the introduction of the new carbon price in July 2012, in which the biggest polluters pay $23 per tonne for the carbon emitted (CO2-e). Australia plans to link its carbon pricing system with the European Union Emissions Trading Systems (EU) from July 2015. The National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Scheme (NGERS) that commenced on July 2008 seeks to herald a solitary national reporting framework for constitutional corporations that bear significant greenhouse gas emissions right from energy consumption to energy production. Non Market-based Approaches: Traditional Command-and-Control A prescriptive regulation infers a policy that stipulates how much pollution an entity can emit, and/or what forms of control equipment it must utilize to satisfy those requirements. Such a standard is defined in te rms of a source-level emissions rate. The main idea behind command-and-control rests in the fact that regulated entities are awarded minimal discretion in their pollution control efforts. Command-and-control approach covers a broad range of regulations manifesting varying degrees of flexibility and cost savings (Stewart 1992, p.547). In such circumstances, aggregate emissions will hinge on the number of polluters plus the output of each polluter. The prescriptive standard does not allow for reallocation of abatement activities as each entity may be still expected to attain a certain emissions standard (Stewart 1992, p.548). Hence, whereas pollution may be minimized to the desired level, it is often attained at a higher cost under a prescriptive approach. Performance-based standards A technology standard infers one that stipulates certain actions with minimal or no flexibility to adopt other actions that might yield the same environmental outcome. The focus on process or technology i nstead of the environmental outcome is what predominantly characterizes a technology standard. Conversely, performance standards highlight pollution or environmental quality and hence enable regulated sources some scale of

Cellular Phone Usage While Operating Motor Vehicle Essay - 1

Cellular Phone Usage While Operating Motor Vehicle - Essay Example as per a study published by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) (Utter, 2001 cited by Tseng, Nguyen, Liebowitz, & Agresti, 2005). The use of cellular phones while driving has been established as the major cause of driver inattention. The Harvard Center for Risk Analysis found that use of cell phones while driving caused 330,000 moderate to severe injuries and approximately 2,600 deaths each year (Sundeen, 2003 cited by Tseng et al., 2005). At the same time, according to Brookhuis, de Vries, & de Waard (1991), while talking on the cell phone drivers demonstrated decreased lane deviations (cited by Horrey & Wickens, 2004). Despite these inconsistencies, a total ban of cellular phone usage while operating a motor vehicle may drastically reduce road accidents. Driver distraction can be classified into two types (internal distraction and external stimuli) and four categories – visual, cognitive, auditory and biomechanical distraction. Of these, auditory distraction is associated with cell phone usage (Tseng et al., 2005). This is more likely in case of hand-held phones but other studies demonstrate that primary cause of inattention is cognitive, which implies that even hands-free phones are equally dangerous (Horrey & Wickens). Several studies have been conducted and on an average, it has been found that drivers talking on the mobile phones while driving have higher risks in car accidents compared to non-mobile phone users (Laberge-Nadeau et al., 2003; Wilson et al., 2003; Redelmeier and Tibshirani, 1997; Strayer and Drews, 2004 cited Tseng et al.). Use of mobile phones while driving increases the risk of collisions by four times, which is also confirmed by Redelmeier and Tibshirani (1997). In addition, frequent mobile phone users had relatively higher risk than rare-users. Being engaged on the cell phone while driving, is definitely more risky than listening to the radio or talking to other passengers while driving. Horrey & Wickens,